Assessing the Trajectory Of Biological Research And Development In The Russian Federation – Analysis

By Gigi Kwik Gronvall and Aurelia Attal-Juncqua*

Throughout the 20th century, biological warfare research and development (R&D) was part of the Kremlin’s military posture. Offensive biological weapons research in Russia extends as far back as 1928, and after the Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) of 1972 made such programs...